Author(s): YU, A., Institution: HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY, Country: JAPAN, Abstract-ID: 2140

Introduction
In Japan, most activities in elementary and junior high schools are conducted in classrooms, students spend much of their time with teachers and classmates. Because they often take classes together, students’ learning strategies and attitudes may change depending on how they perceive their teachers and classmates in their group. However, most of the studies on students’ learning strategies and attitudes in physical education classes have focused on students’ own consciousness, and there were few studies on how they perceive their group members. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of students’ consciousness of norms and their perception of other students’ norm consciousness and their perception of teachers’ norm consciousness on their learning strategies and attitudes in physical education classes.
Methods
The subjects of the study were 548 students (254 boys and 294 girls), enrolled in two schools in Japan. The questionnaire survey was used to measure learning strategies, attitudes toward physical education classes, students’ consciousness of norms, their perception of other students’ norm consciousness and their perception of teachers’ norm consciousness. Multiple regression analysis was conducted using students’ consciousness of norms, their perception of other students’ norm consciousness and their perception of teachers’ norm consciousness as independent variables, and their learning strategies and attitudes in physical education classes as dependent variables. Based on previous studies, have reported gender differences in how students perceive others, analyses were conducted separately for boys and girls.
Results & Discussion
Gender differences were found in the factors influencing learning strategies and attitudes toward physical education classes. First, in terms of learning strategies, boys showed the significant positive effect of only their consciousness of norms, while girls showed the significant positive effect of their consciousness of norms and their perception of other students’ norm consciousness. Second, for the attitudes toward physical education classes, boys showed significant positive effects for their consciousness of norms and their perception of other students’ norm consciousness, whereas girls showed no significant effects for any of the factors. Previous studies have reported that how perceive their teachers and classmates in their group influences own thinking and behavior, but based on the results of this study, it is possible that what is influenced by the perceptions of classmates, teachers, differs between boys and girls. Based on these findings, it can be inferred that different approaches are needed for genders if we are to consider changing learning strategies and attitudes in a positive direction.