Author(s): NOLAN, D., Institution: UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE, Country: UNITED KINGDOM, Abstract-ID: 1853

Introduction
PE is an ideal context to foster life skill development. Life skills are skills that are developed in one context, such as PE, and applied in another, such as the home. Primary PE coaches are often expected to plan and deliver lessons that prioritise holistic and life skill development, despite their limited understanding of life skill development and associated coaching behaviours. Kirkpatrick’s (1959, 1976, 1996) training evaluation model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of a Life Skills Coach Development Programme, aimed at enhancing primary PE coaches’ ability to embed life skills in lessons. The model is conceptualised across four levels: reaction, learning, behaviour, and results.
Methods
Data was collected using semi-structured interviews and unstructured observations. Eleven primary school P.E. coaches were recruited from a community football foundation (CFF). Fifty-nine unstructured PE lesson observations were conducted. Due to participant attrition, one semi-structured interview was conducted with eight of eleven participants. A modified form of thematic analysis was used to analyse data.
Results
Themes were based on the four levels of Kirkpatrick’s model. The Reaction theme contained two subthemes; ‘Experience of the Coach Development Programme’, and ‘Proposed alterations to Coach Development Programme’. The Learning theme contained two subthemes; ‘Understanding of the research project and its purpose’, and ‘Understanding of life skill development’. The Behaviour theme contained three subthemes; ‘Application of new knowledge’, ‘Non-application of new knowledge’, and ‘Utilising the life skill lesson resources’. The Results theme contained two subthemes; ‘Change in coaching behaviours’ and ‘P.E. prioritisation and project legacy’.
Discussion
Coaches expressed how programme involvement was novel and engaging. The autonomy-supportive climate and situated learning environment facilitated improvements in their coaching practice and enhanced their understanding of life skills. Yet application of this knowledge in PE lessons could be inconsistent. To improve the programme, coaches recommended greater communication between the CFF and schools about the project and advocated for more peer learning opportunities. Overall, there was an increase in coaching behaviours that promoted life skill development post-programme, as coaches planned and delivered lessons in which life skills were embedded. Coaches noted that lasting changes to their practice may be threatened by the low prioritisation of PE in schools.
References
Kirkpatrick, D. (1959) Techniques for evaluating training programs. Journal of the American Society of Training Directors, 13,3–9
Kirkpatrick, D. (1976) Evaluation in training. In R. Craig (Ed.), Training & development handbook: A guide to human resource development (2nd ed., pp. 301–319). McGraw-Hill
Kirkpatrick, D. (1996) Invited reaction: reaction to Holton article. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 7,23–25