Author(s): BROWN, C., Institution: WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Country: UNITED STATES, Abstract-ID: 2595

INTRODUCTION:
Principles and methods are presented for designing equipment that reduces injuries without compromising performance. Such solutions are not obvious, in part because injurious and performance loads are often transmitted through the same structures. This work demonstrates how existing designs can be improved and how new ones can be developed.

METHODS:
The approach follows Suh’s axiomatic design. His independence axiom calls for a design solution that separates the transmission of performance loads from potentially injurious loads. Functional requirements defining design intent, and design parameters specifying physical solutions are developed in parallel hierarchies from abstract to detailed. Current equipment is assessed using this framework, and new solutions are proposed.
RESULTS:
Because injurious loads are generally larger than those required for performance, decoupling is achievable.
Ski bindings, standards, and shop practices evolved in the late 1960s and 1970s to limit spiral and forward bending tibia fractures while maintain performance. Control loads are transmitted stiffly, while controlled displacement absorbs excess energy providing retention before release. Work to release manages retention, and stiffness governs performance below injurious thresholds. The absence of standardized work to release tests may contribute to occasional retention problems.
Most current ski equipment cannot prevent ACL injuries. When stiffer and higher polyurethane boots replaced leather boots for improved performance in the 1970s, bindings did not adapt. Most current boot binding systems do not absorb or limit loads—anterior tibial shear and inward rotation with valgus moments to lower legs—that can lead to ACL injuries.
Race course nets generally keep skiers on the trail but can lack sufficient energy absorption to avoid injury. A nets could incorporate constant force springs at their anchor points. Tightly installed B nets distribute load simultaneously across multiple poles. Looser installation allows poles to release sequentially, reducing impact loads while maintaining containment.
ACL injuries are also prevalent in field and court sports. Footwear technologies have been patented that can limit horizontal ground reaction forces to the levels required for performance, avoiding transmission of higher, potentially injurious loads. Although patents exist, manufacturers have been slow to adopt the technology.
CONCLUSION:
Suh’s axiomatic design offers a structured method for developing equipment that protects users while preserving performance. There is potential to use it for critically examining existing designs and finding new, innovative design solutions for sports equipment to reduce injuries.