Author(s): PAVKOVIC, M., TONCI, M., IVKOVIC, G., Institution: UNIVERSITY OF KINESIOLOGY, Country: CROATIA, Abstract-ID: 1047

INTRODUCTION:
Elite athletes are continuously exposed to repeated physiological and psychological stressors arising from exceptionally high training loads, frequent travel schedules, and substantial psychosocial demands. Exercise-induced immunosuppression observed under such conditions is largely attributed to excessive training stress combined with inadequate recovery.
Optimally trained individuals exhibit enhanced innate and adaptive immune function, including increased natural killer cell cytotoxic activity and more efficient immunoglobulin regulation, indicating improved immunological competence.

METHODS:
No methods used on this review.
RESULTS:
Despite the well-documented benefits of properly structured training, several modifiable lifestyle and nutritional factors may compromise immune competence. Low energy availability, sleep restriction, frequent travel, and insufficient intake of essential micronutrients are recognized as significant risk factors for immune dysfunction in athletic populations. From a nutritional perspective, adequate carbohydrate consumption tailored to exercise intensity and duration has been shown to attenuate cortisol responses and mitigate exercise-induced immunological disturbances. Some authors emphasize the importance of sufficient protein and glutamine intake to support immune cell metabolism and proliferation. Optimal intake of vitamins and minerals—including vitamin D, vitamin C, zinc, and iron remains fundamental for maintaining effective immune defense, given their established roles in cellular immunity, antioxidant protection, and inflammatory regulation.
CONCLUSION:
Omega-3 fatty acids contribute to the modulation of inflammatory pathways and resolution of inflammation, while adaptogenic compounds such as Rhodiola rosea and ginseng have been reported to enhance physiological stress tolerance and recovery capacity. Beta-glucans and bovine colostrum have demonstrated additional immunomodulatory properties, potentially strengthening mucosal immunity and reducing infection risk. More recently, probiotics have attracted growing scientific interest, as they may beneficially influence respiratory tract infections in athletes, particularly those exposed to increased risk during frequent travel or periods of intensified competition schedules.
Safeguarding immune health should extend beyond isolated nutritional or supplementation strategies and instead adopt a holistic approach that incorporates medical supervision, exercise science principles, psychosocial support, and lifestyle management.