Over the past two decades, the significance of exercise medicine and nutrition therapy in cancer management has gained relevance and implementation. There is now extensive research evidence of how exercise influences etiology, development, treatment, and progression of cancer, revealing potential mechanisms of action. Despite these scientific advancements, implementation in oncology remains challenging due to the complexity of cancer and the impact of the treatments. Similarly, nutritional interventions in oncology, while promising, current recommendations are often vague or even contradictory. We will focus on recent advances elucidating the bio-physiological mechanisms across the cancer care continuum and examine the role of exercise and nutrition in this context. Specifically, we will explore exercise medicine as neoadjuvant, adjuvant, rehabilitative and palliative therapy including functional, structural and patient outcomes, explore mechanisms mitigating tumor growth pathways. We will also address the limitations and challenges of applying exercise oncology guidelines in international and Italian clinical settings with the experience within the Italian Group on Exercise Oncology (IGEO). IGEO brings together a multidisciplinary team of researchers, healthcare professionals, and experts in oncology and exercise science to promote and integrate exercise medicine as a crucial component in the care of patients with cancer.
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