ECSS Paris 2023: OP-AP11
INTRODUCTION: Basketball is a high-intensity intermittent team sport that places significant demands on neuromuscular factors to execute quick accelerations, decelerations, jumps, and direction changes [1]. While match-play has been reported to negatively impact physical performance [2], less is known on muscle contractile function and the associated recovery process. Therefore, this study investigated the amount and recovery of knee extensor peripheral neuromuscular fatigue induced by a simulated basketball match-play. METHODS: Thirteen highly-trained adult male basketball players (age: 25±4 years, stature: 185±9 cm, body mass: 86±14 kg) voluntarily participated in this study. Each player performed a simulated match-play consisting of standardized specific basketball activities. The simulated match-play lasted a total of 63 min with 32 min of activity (i.e., representing real active play time) being performed across quarters. Each quarter involved two 4-min activity bouts and standardized passive seated rest reflecting the likely occurrence of in-game stoppages. Before (PRE), immediately after (POST), 24 h (POST24) and 48 h (POST48) after the simulated match-play, neuromuscular evaluations were performed on the knee extensor muscles to determine the amount and recovery of peripheral fatigue. Electrical stimuli (single pulses and 10-Hz and 100-Hz paired pulses) were delivered in resting conditions to evoke a peak twitch (PT) response, from which maximal rate of torque development (MRTD) and relaxation (MRTR) were also determined. Furthermore, the ratio between 10-Hz and 100-Hz PT (10:100 Hz ratio) was calculated. RESULTS: Significant time-related changes (one-way repeated measures ANOVA) were observed for single and paired pulses PT (main effect: P < 0.001, strong), MRTD (P < 0.05, moderate-to-strong), MRTR (P < 0.05, minimum-to-strong) and 10:100 Hz ratio (P < 0.001, strong). Overall, post hoc analyses revealed that all variables were significantly reduced at POST compared to PRE, but completely restored at POST24. CONCLUSION: A simulated basketball match-play induced peripheral fatigue in the knee extensor muscles of highly-trained basketball players, that was marked immediately after the match but fully restored 24 h later. The observed decline in the 10:100 Hz ratio is indicative of low-frequency fatigue that however did not last more than 24 h. REFERENCES: 1. Stojanović et al. (2018) 2. Pernigoni et al. (2024)
Read CV Davide FerioliECSS Paris 2023: OP-AP11
INTRODUCTION: Traditional warm-up routines (TRAD) in basketball typically involve individual dribbling and shooting drills, or pair-executed give-and-go drills. However, different warm-up typologies can be implemented during basketball training sessions, including small-sided games (SSGs), such as 1v1, 2v2, and 3v3. Although SSG warm-ups might represent a more specific and enjoyable alternative in preparing players for upcoming activities, limited research is available comparing its effects on workload, physical performance, and enjoyment (ENJ) levels with TRAD warm-up routines. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the differences in workload between TRAD and SSG warm-up routines and their effects on physical performance and ENJ in youth basketball players. METHODS: In a counterbalanced, crossover design, 24 male young basketball players (age: 16.0 ± 0.1 years; stature: 1.82 ± 0.07 m; body mass: 73.8 ± 9.1 kg; training experience: 8.6 ± 3.1 years) completed time-matched (~12-min) SSG and TRAD warm-ups performed in groups of six players on a half-court. Before each warm-up typology, players were required to report their fatigue levels via a rating of fatigue (ROF) scale and to complete an 8-min standardized pre-warm-up performed without a ball. For each warm-up typology, players internal [i.e., rating of perceived exertion (RPE), mean heart rate (HRmean), and peak heart rate (HRpeak)] and external [i.e., movement load (ML) measured via inertial movement units] loads were monitored. Prior to and after each warm-up typology, players physical performance was measured via a 20m sprint (including a 10m split time) and a countermovement jump (CMJ) test, while the 505 test was performed only at the post-warm-up time point. After completing each warm-up, players were also required to report their enjoyment levels (ENJ) using a previously used scale. RESULTS: No between-group differences were evident for ROF (p=0.053), RPE (p=0.259), and HRmean (p=0.053), while a higher HRpeak was found in SSG compared to TRAD warm-up (p=0.001). Conversely, ML was lower in SSG compared to TRAD (p<0.001). No interaction, effect of time, or warm-up typology was found in any of the physical performance tests evaluated, except for higher CMJ performance documented for TRAD compared to SSG warm-up routine (p=0.047). Finally, no difference was found for ENJ between TRAD and SSG (p=0.066). CONCLUSION: The higher external load in TRAD compared to SSG might be explained by the more static basketball activities (e.g., screening, boxing out) performed in SSG compared to TRAD, which yet elicited a higher internal load (i.e., HRpeak). Basketball coaches should use SSG warm-ups when preparing players for specific activities encompassing basketball-specific static conditions typical of basketball match performance. Moreover, the overall lack of differences in physical performance (except for CMJ) suggests that coaches can use both modalities interchangeably to prepare players for the upcoming training session drills.
Read CV Daniele ConteECSS Paris 2023: OP-AP11
INTRODUCTION: Re-warming strategies have been widely investigated as a means to mitigate performance decline following a prolonged passive recovery after warm-up[1,2]. This study hopes to compare the effects of three re-warming strategies—passive rest (PR), plyometric-based potentiation re-warming (PPR), and inertial resistance re-warming (IRR) on lower limb performance in collegiate basketball players. METHODS: This study recruited nine collegiate basketball players, each of whom performed a 10-minute comprehensive warm-up[3] followed by one of three randomly assigned re-warming strategies: (1) PR: a 10-minute complete rest after the warm-up (control group); (2) PPR: a 3-minute rest, a 4-minute plyometric re-warm including countermovement jumps, short sprints, and lateral shifts, and another 3-minute rest (experimental group 2); and (3) IRR: a 3-minute rest, followed by a 4-minute inertial-resistance re-warm using the Exxentric kPulley Go for squats, short sprints, and lateral shifts, followed by an additional 3-minute rest. Lower limb performance was measured before and after each re-warming strategy, using the My Jump Lab mobile application, Kinvent Physios Kpull tool, and the Lane Agility Drill test to assess agility. The tests including CMJ height (cm), CMJ relative force (N/kg), maximal knee flexion/extension strength (kg), and Lane Agility Drill Test time (seconds). A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze performance differences across conditions and time. The post-hoc test was used for more detailed analysis of significant main effect differences and the partial eta squared values (ηp2) was calculated to determine the significance of the findings of two-way repeated measures analysis. RESULTS: This study found a statistically significant difference in CMJ height and agility over time (p = 0.02, η² = 0.472 and p < 0.01, η² = 0.714). Additionally, both plyometric-based potentiation re-warming (PPR) and inertial resistance rewarm-up (IRR) showed a significant effect on the knee extension strength of the non-dominant leg compared to the passive rest (PR) group (p = 0.01, η² = 0.735). This effect may be attributed to the superior ability of these rewarm-up methods to activate the muscles of the non-dominant leg more effectively than complete rest. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that an appropriate rewarm-up can enhance lower limb performance and optimize bilateral muscle activation.
Read CV CHAN CHONFAIECSS Paris 2023: OP-AP11