ECSS Paris 2023: OP-AP11
INTRODUCTION: Water immersion is widely used for post-match recovery, yet objective evidence based on infrared thermography (IRT) remains limited. IRT can reflect physiological status and asymmetry-related indicators in football players [1–3]. Thermal responses are influenced by contextual and physiological factors, and standardized procedures are recommended for reliability [4,5]. Cold- and hot-water immersion may modulate circulation and inflammatory responses [6–8], though findings remain inconsistent in sport settings [9]. This study examined the effects of cold-water immersion (CWI) and hot-water immersion (HWI) versus no immersion (NWI) on IRT-derived indicators in elite female and male football players at 24 h and 72 h. METHODS: Forty-six players (23 professional females, 23 semi-professional males) completed repeated IRT assessments across phases of NWI, CWI, and HWI. Variables included global temperature (GT), asymmetry indices, Thermal Risk Index (TRI), Neutralized TRI (N TRI), and muscle-specific asymmetries. Image acquisition and processing followed validated thermography procedures, including TISEM guidance and software validation [4,10]. Analyses were stratified by sex and match exposure. RESULTS: Post-match thermal disturbance was small in both sexes, consistent with prior evidence of limited peripheral thermal deviations under controlled recovery conditions in team-sport contexts [2,11]. Male players consistently showed higher GT, while females exhibited higher asymmetry- and risk-related indicators, consistent with known sex-related differences in temperature responses [4]. Neither CWI nor HWI produced systematic improvements compared to NWI. Females showed trivial changes across conditions. Males demonstrated small improvements with HWI or NWI in selected variables (GT, TAsm, TRI, N_TRI), whereas CWI frequently increased asymmetry-related markers. CONCLUSION: CWI and HWI elicited limited and inconsistent thermographic changes. Sex-related thermal characteristics were stronger determinants of IRT responses than match exposure or immersion modality. Minimal post-match disturbance restricted measurable recovery effects. IRT remains a useful complementary tool within multimodal monitoring frameworks in football. [1] Majano 2023/ [2] Majano 2023b/ [3] Zeng 2025/ [4] Fernández-Cuevas 2015/ [5] Moreira 2017/ [6] Versey 2013/ [7] Fiscus 2005/ [8] Wilcock 2006/ [9] Querido 2022/ [10] Requena-Bueno 2020/ [11] Masur 2024
Read CV Alvaro Medina-SanchezECSS Paris 2023: OP-AP11
INTRODUCTION: Managing heat and moisture is critical for athletic performance and thermal comfort during prolonged exercise. While traditional quick-dry (QD) fabrics focus on moisture wicking, Phase Change Materials (PCMs) offer active temperature regulation by absorbing and releasing latent heat. This study evaluates a specialized cotton fabric integrated with 30% PCM compared to standard QD apparel. The objective was to quantify the differences in metabolic indices, sweat dynamics, and subjective sensations during 30 minutes of constant-power cycling under controlled environmental conditions (24 degrees C, 45% RH). METHODS: Seven healthy male subjects (Age: 22.11 +/- 1.67 years; VO2max: 55.20 +/- 7.08 ml/min/kg) were recruited. In a randomized crossover design, subjects performed two 30-minute cycling sessions at 60% VO2max (159.71 +/- 20.63 W). Both garments (30% PCM-integrated T-shirt and a standard QD T-shirt) were provided by Li-Ning Co., Ltd. Metabolic parameters were measured via the Cosmed K4b2 system, heart rate via Polar H10, and back skin microclimate (temperature and humidity) via DS1923-F5 sensors. Statistical analysis, including paired t-tests and Pearson correlation, was conducted using R 4.4.1 (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: The PCM fabric demonstrated significantly lower sweat retention (30.22 g less; p = 0.010) and a reduced sweat absorption ratio (3.92% lower; p = 0.004) compared to the QD fabric, despite similar total body sweat loss. Physiologically, the PCM fabric was associated with a significantly lower heart rate (decrease of 5.83 bpm; p = 0.027) compared to QD. Although no significant differences were observed in VO2, respiratory quotient, or skin temperature, VO2 was found to be positively correlated with garment sweat absorption (r = 0.564, p = 0.034) and subjective comfort (r = 0.669, p = 0.009). Subjectively, the PCM fabric significantly reduced the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) post-exercise (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that 30% PCM integration enhances the moisture transfer efficiency and heat management of athletic apparel. By minimizing sweat retention within the fabric and reducing cardiovascular strain (as evidenced by the lower heart rate), PCM-integrated clothing provides superior physiological support compared to conventional quick-dry materials. In conclusion, at identical exercise intensities, PCM fabrics offer improved thermal comfort and reduced physical exertion, making them a more effective choice for moderate-to-high intensity exercise.
Read CV Hanjun LiECSS Paris 2023: OP-AP11
INTRODUCTION: Wearable heat flux (HF) sensors measure dry heat transfer between the skin and environment. However, during exercise and exposure to hot conditions, heat loss occurs predominantly through sweat evaporation, causing HF sensors to underestimate total heat loss. Quantifying total heat loss (i.e., dry and wet loss) could unlock new opportunities in wearable monitoring of skin and core temperature, heat strain, and energy expenditure. HF sensors occlude underlying skin, preventing local skin cooling through sweat evaporation. Accordingly, local evaporation rate may be reflected by the difference between skin temperature underneath the sensor (i.e., covered; Tcov) and skin temperature next to the sensor (i.e., exposed; Texp) (dT). Local total HF (dry+wet) may then be calculated using a physical model: HFtot = HFcov + (dT/Rskin), with HFcov as covered HF and Rskin as the skin’s thermal resistance. The aim of this proof-of-concept study is to evaluate if (1) dT is related to evaporation rate, and (2) total HF can be estimated using the proposed physical model. METHODS: HFcov and Tcov were measured using a CORE1 sensor. Texp was measured using a contactless sensor attached to the CORE1, directed towards the adjacent skin. Bench-top experiments were conducted with the prototypes placed on a hot plate (HFref 250 W/m2; ambient temperature ~25°C) at different evaporation rates: “dry”, 60 min at dry plate without convection (<0.3 m/s); “wet still”, 60 min at wetted plate (<0.3 m/s); “wet wind”, 60 min at wetted plate with increased air flow (1.5 m/s). In-vivo experiments were conducted in the lab (24.6°C, 30%RH, increased air flow), aiming to induce varying sweat rates while minimizing unevaporated sweat. Two participants completed 15 min seated rest, 25 min low- and 25 min high-intensity cycling, and 10min passive recovery. For each stage, dT was measured on the lateral chest, upper back, and thigh, and whole-body sweat rate (WBSR) was calculated from pre- and post-stage nude body mass. RESULTS: On a dry hot plate, dT was -0.3°C, with HFcov (247 W/m2) and HFtot (238 W/m2) comparable to HFref (250 W/m2). On a wet hot plate, dT was 3.4°C (still) and 5.9°C (wind). HFcov underestimated HFref (still, 142; wind, 93 W/m2), while HFtot was closer to HFref (still, 232 W/m2; wind, 249 W/m2). dT explained the HFcov underestimation (%) with 0.1*dT + 0.05 (R2=0.99). Across the four stages, local dT and WBSR ranged -0.7-6.0°C and -0.2-1.2 L/h. In both participants, local dT’s were linearly related to WBSR (R2=0.76-0.99). Across participants, average dT over all positions was linearly related to WBSR normalized to body surface area (R2=0.81). CONCLUSION: Preliminary bench-top and human experiments indicated a linear relationship between dT and evaporative heat loss. Bench-top testing further provided proof of concept for using the physical model to estimate total heat loss. Additional experiments are needed to validate the model’s accuracy across various sensor positions, participants, and environments.
Read CV Puck AlkemadeECSS Paris 2023: OP-AP11