ECSS Paris 2023: CP-SH10
INTRODUCTION The relationship quality between an athlete and a sport psychology practitioner is regarded as a critical factor for successful sport psychological counseling (e.g., perceived improvement of performance or well-being) [1][2]. However, there is limited understanding of specific mechanisms underlying it. In the psychotherapy setting, certain relationship-influencing attributes of the practitioner–such as perceived trustworthiness, expertness, and attractiveness–have been shown to influence relationship quality [3]. Thus, this study aims to examine the extent of perceived relationship quality and relationship-influencing attributes in sport psychological counseling (i.e., athletes’ perception of trustworthiness, expertness, and attractiveness) and their stability over time. METHOD As part of a longitudinal study, 14 adolescent elite athletes from German state teams (15.14±1.29 years; 57.1% female, 42.9% male) participated in a survey following their first and fifth counseling sessions. The sample is expected to reach N = 60 by the time of the conference. Relationship quality was assessed using the QS17 scale [4], measured on a 4-point Likert scale while relationship-influencing attributes were evaluated using the CRF scale [3] on a 6-point Likert scale with a maximum score of 24. Paired-sample t-tests analyzed changes over time. RESULT6 Following the first session, the mean relationship quality was 3.76±0.25, and 3.84±0.21 after the fifth session. Mean CRF scores after the first session were 23.36±1.01 for trustworthiness, 22.79±1.25 for expertness, and 22.93±1.64 for attractiveness. After the fifth session, mean scores were 22.71±1.90, 22.57±1.70, and 22.71±2.02, respectively. Paired-sample t-tests showed no significant changes over time in either relationship quality (p=.37) or relationship-influencing attributes, including trustworthiness (p=.24), expertness (p=.68), and attractiveness (p=.65). DISCUSSION Preliminary findings (n = 14) suggest that relationship quality and relationship-influencing attributes may remain stable over time in sport psychological counseling in adolescent elite sports. This stability could indicate that initial impressions form early and persist, aligning with psychotherapy research [5]. This study is the first to longitudinally examine relationship quality and relationship-influencing attributes; however, additional data (expanding from n = 14 to N = 60) is required to further support these initial findings. Understanding the mechanisms behind the initial impression is essential for optimizing sport psychological counseling, particularly by strengthening the initial practitioner-athlete interaction in terms of trustworthiness, expertness, and attractiveness. 1. Kleinert (2014) 2. Andersen & Speed (2010) 3. Corrigan & Schmidt (1983) 4. Kleinert & Ohlert (2014) 5. Bowker et al. (2024)
Read CV Jana BeckmannECSS Paris 2023: CP-SH10
Introduction The knowledge required of coaches includes professional knowledge, interpersonal knowledge, and intrapersonal knowledge [1]. Professional knowledge has long been the subject of coach education, and an environment has been developed to support its acquisition [2]. In contrast, interpersonal knowledge and intrapersonal knowledge are characterized as practical knowledge, and the development of an environment to support the acquisition of this knowledge is insufficient [3]. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a method to help sports coaches acquire practical knowledge. Methods This study focuses on pattern language, a methodology for systematizing and describing the practical knowledge of experts in an accessible format. In recent years, it has been increasingly applied in fields such as education, welfare, and management [4]. This study marks its first application in sports. In this study, interviews were conducted with seven Japanese expert youth tennis coaches to explore their practical knowledge in helping players achieve their goals. The findings were systematized and documented in the form of a pattern language. Building on this, an accompanying support program was designed and implemented with four Japanese youth tennis coaches, utilizing the developed pattern language. Specifically, one-on-one sessions were conducted approximately once a week for a total of four sessions, utilizing the pattern language. A qualitative inductive analysis was conducted on the verbal data from the sessions and follow-up interviews to examine the program’s impact on the coaches. Results The practical knowledge of expert youth tennis coaches was documented as 36 patterns. These patterns were then categorized into three categories: “Fostering a Foundational Relationship,” “Leading to High Performance,” and “Developing Autonomy Together.” Within the accompanying support program utilizing pattern language, changes were observed in both coaching practices and perceptions. Specifically, through the program, coaches engaged in “Practices Beyond the Limits of Individual Ideas” and “Practices That Are Important but Previously Untried.” Furthermore, “Willingness to Continue Practicing” was confirmed, indicating that these practices were sustained beyond the program’s completion. Moreover, changes in perceptions were observed in “Deeper Self-Understanding” and “Revision of Personal Coaching Theories.” Conclusion Utilizing the pattern language developed from the practical knowledge of expert coaches was suggested as a potential trigger for coaches to acquire practical knowledge. By continuing to engage in practice after completing the program, participants are expected to further develop their practical knowledge. References [1] Côté & Gilbert, 2009 [2] Trudel & Gilbert, 2006 [3] Mitsui, 2022 [4] Iba, 2015
Read CV Kazuki HiokiECSS Paris 2023: CP-SH10
INTRODUCTION: Music has long been incorporated into training sessions for both competitive and non-competitive athletes. Numerous studies confirmed its ability to enhance strength, sprint, and endurance performance, by affecting three key dimensions of human nature: psychological, physiological, and psychophysiological (1). However, conflicting evidence exists regarding the effectiveness of music, which may be influenced by differences in music selection, individual preference, and gender (2). This study aimed to investigate, from both physiological and psychological perspectives, whether motivational music influences anaerobic performance (3) in the Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST). METHODS: Eighteen athletes (male = 12, female = 6) competing at a sub-elite level in track and field and football (age: 22.2 ± 2.1 (m ± SD) years; height: 175.3 ± 8.0 cm; mass: 66.4 ± 10.6 kg; BMI: 21.5 ± 2.2 kg/m²) were voluntarily recruited. The RAST procedure was conducted while participants listened to either preferred music or no music through headphones. Measurements included maximum power (Pmax), average power (Pmean), minimum power (Pmin), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and motivational level assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The “music” and “no-music” conditions were compared by paired Student’s t-test or by Wilcoxon signed rank test, where appropriate. Effect size (ES) was quantified using Cohen’s d index for paired data. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between the “music” and “no-music” conditions for Pmax (p = 0.50, ES = 0.04, very small), Pmean (p = 0.25, ES = 0.28, small), and Pmin (p = 0.053, ES = 0.52, medium). The difference between conditions was also not statistically significant for RPE (p = 0.71, ES = 0.08, very small). However, VAS was significantly higher in the music condition compared to the no-music condition (p < 0.001, ES = 1.31, very large). CONCLUSION: Motivational music can enhance motivation during high-intensity, repeated exercise without directly improving anaerobic performance, as supported by previous studies (3). Athletes can use music as a natural and cost-effective tool to boost motivation and strive toward higher goals while ameliorating their current performance level. Furthermore, as high-intensity exercise enhances overall well-being in the general population, incorporating music into exercise routines may play a role in improving training adherence and motivation, even in non-competitive settings. References: 1. Terry P.C, et al. Effects of music in exercise and sport: A meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull., 2020. 146(2): p.91–117. 2. Nakamura P.M, et al. Effects of preferred and nonpreferred music on continuous cycling exercise performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2010. 110(1): p.257–64. 3. Atan T. Effect of music on anaerobic exercise performance. Biology of Sport. 2013. 30(1): p.35–9.
Read CV Andrea ManenteECSS Paris 2023: CP-SH10