ECSS Paris 2023: CP-MH35
INTRODUCTION: Regular exercise reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes [1]. Resistance training, including both concentric (muscle shortening) and eccentric (muscle lengthening) actions, enhances muscle function and metabolic health [2]. However, the prolonged effects of eccentric exercise on functional and metabolic measures remain unclear. This study investigates the long-term impacts of eccentric training on muscle function and metabolic markers, hypothesizing that eccentric exercise induces beneficial adaptations. METHODS: Eighteen healthy males, without eccentric training for six months prior, were randomly assigned to either an eccentric (ECC, n=9) or concentric (CON, n=9) training group. Each group performed a single bout of maximal voluntary contractions of the trunk extensor muscles per week for eight weeks. Measurements of muscle function, soreness, blood lipid profiles, and glycemic markers were pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 48 hours post-exercise in weeks 1 and 8. Repeated measures ANOVA were used for analysis. RESULTS: ECC participants showed increased muscle soreness and plasma creatine kinase (CK) levels in week 1, which significantly decreased by week 8, indicating adaptation. Both training types improved muscle function; however, ECC training led to significantly greater increases in resting isometric torque (p<0.05). ECC training also reduced total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) by week 8 (p<0.05), whereas CON training improved only TG (p<0.05). In terms of glycemic response, acute ECC exercise initially increased glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) values in week 1. However, chronic ECC training significantly reduced fasting insulin, glucose, and HOMA values by week 8 (p<0.05), along with decreased glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), indicating improved insulin sensitivity. CON training did not significantly alter these metabolic markers. CONCLUSION: Eccentric exercise has been demonstrated to enhance muscle function, lipid metabolism, and glycemic control. Despite the initial muscle damage that occurs, prolonged ECC induces adaptations that reduce soreness and improve muscle performance. These observations align with the findings of previous research, which demonstrated that eccentric training improves metabolic health via neuromuscular and molecular adaptations [3]. Future studies should explore ECC exercise in clinical populations to optimize training strategies for disease prevention and rehabilitation.
Read CV AhRam KimECSS Paris 2023: CP-MH35
INTRODUCTION: This study examined the link between exercise-induced dehydration and salt taste sensitivity in humans, focusing on the role of epithelial sodium channels (ENaC). Previous studies suggested that increases in blood pressure and angiotensin II with exercise enhance the sodium (Na) uptake via ENaC, changing salt taste sensitivity in rodents. However, rodents differ from humans in salt taste mechanisms, requiring human studies for a definitive conclusion. METHODS: Ten male subjects participated in a two-condition, single-blind, crossover study involving amiloride (AM), an ENaC inhibitor, and water. The measurements included salt detection and recognition threshold (DT, RT), urine specific gravity (UG), blood pressure (BP), heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thirst, hunger, and taste of oral rehydration solution (ORS). DT, RT, UG, and BP were assessed before and after 40-minute running at 70% maximal oxygen uptake. Thirst and hunger were assessed 2 h before, immediately before, and after the exercise. ORS palatability was assessed 2 h before and after the exercise. Subjects were rinsed with 10 µM amiloride hydrochloride solution between salt solution rinses for the DT and RT tests during the AM condition. The DT and RT were assessed using the whole-mouth method. The six salt solutions for the DT and RT tests ranged from 0.1-3.2 g/L. These solutions had arithmetic concentration gradients. After the exercise, the subjects drank 500 ml of ORS ad libitum. RESULTS: Subjects lost 2.4 ± 0.5% of their body weight after the exercise. A decrease in DT was noted after the exercise (p = 0.06), but RT remained unchanged. Thirst significantly increased immediately before the exercise. Hunger increased before exercise but decreased after the exercise. ORS palatability significantly increased after the exercise. CONCLUSION: No significant differences were found between the two conditions for any measured parameter, indicating that amiloride had no effect on ENaC. However, increased thirst and enhanced ORS palatability after exercise were likely related to increased thirst due to dehydration. A limitation of this study is that the assessment times were different to prevent taste interference between the salt taste threshold and the ORS. Future studies should design experiments that can evaluate these parameters simultaneously. This study suggests that 10 µM amiloride does not affect salt taste sensitivity after exercise, but increased thirst after exercise enhances ORS palatability.
Read CV Yuka IribeECSS Paris 2023: CP-MH35
INTRODUCTION: Exercise is increasingly recognised as a complementary therapy in Eating Disorder (ED) treatment, with high prevalence of dysfunctional exercise behaviours and emerging evidence of the psychological and physical benefits of exercise therapy in ED. Despite increasing access to exercise therapy in ED, there is currently limited guidance on implementing assessment within exercise therapy and ED. The aims of this scoping review are to 1) report on outcome assessments used in exercise research in ED, and 2) outline the general outcomes of exercise interventions in ED. METHODS: This study employed a scoping review methodology with a literature search consisting of ED and exercise terms conducted on Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO. Articles included at full text review were data extracted for study and intervention characteristics, aims, assessments implemented, and outcome change. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies were included at full text review with diagnostic populations including Anorexia Nervosa (AN; n=7), Binge Eating Disorder (BED; n=5), Bulimia Nervosa (BN; n=1), and mixed diagnosis (e.g., AN plus BN; n=13). When examining broad health domains, body composition (n=26) and eating disorder psychopathology (n=21) were assessed at the greatest frequency in included studies, followed by subjective physical activity (n=13), exercise assessment (n=12)—including strength (n=7) and cardiorespiratory fitness (n=7), co-occurring psychopathology (n=11), exercise beliefs (n=10), and objective physical activity (n=9). For individual assessment tools, body mass index was the most frequently used body composition tool (n=26), followed by the Eating Disorder Examination (n=13) for ED Psychopathology. One repetition maximum (n=5) and the Balke protocol (n=4) were the most frequently implemented exercise tests, with actigraphy (n=8), the Compulsive Exercise Test (n=7), and the Beck Depression Inventory (n=6) the most frequently used tools for the assessment of objective physical activity, exercise beliefs, and co-occurring psychopathology. There were no reported adverse events in assessment in the included trials. CONCLUSION: The results of this review outline that maximal and submaximal exercise assessment within ED contexts have been conducted safely and should be considered where appropriate within clinical practice. Comprehensive exercise assessment as part of therapeutic exercise interventions may provide additional health information beyond measures used in current practice to provide a greater holistic assessment of ED patient health and function. The results of this review, in addition to prior research indicate that exercise therapy in ED contexts can be effective in improving patient health and importantly, appears to be safe with no deleterious effects on weight status – a commonly held belief. The results of this review may provide guidance on the appropriate assessment for exercise professionals to conduct within ED services.
Read CV Caleb McMahenECSS Paris 2023: CP-MH35