ECSS Paris 2023: CP-AP21
INTRODUCTION: Performance analysis in netball has grown substantially (1,2,3) and is increasingly used to support coaching decision-making and the identification of tactical patterns across a season (4,5,6). However, existing studies and competitions often rely on differing or partial sets of indicators, raising concerns regarding consistency and ecological validity (4,5,6). Given the importance of aligning performance information with coaches’ and players’ real-world decision-making needs, there is a need to establish a contextually relevant and practitioner-informed set of performance indicators to analyse netball performance (7). Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish expert consensus on a comprehensive and valid set of netball performance indicators informed by the perspectives of elite coaches and selectors as well as national players. METHODS: This was completed through a modified Delphi process comprising two phases with two rounds each. The expert panel included 4 national team coaches and selection panel members, and 17 current Singapore national players. Phase 1 focused on establishing a shared understanding of the compiled indicators and their definitions, with opportunities for experts to suggest additions or modifications. Phase 2 evaluated the importance of each indicator for inclusion in netball performance analysis through online ratings followed by structured round-table discussions (coaches and players conducted separately), after which indicators with mixed ratings were re-rated. All ratings used a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). Consensus was reached when ≥80% of the entire expert panel rated a ‘5’ for the indicator (2). RESULTS: Results revealed that in Phase 1 Round 1, experts demonstrated ≥80% agreement on understanding for all but two of the 343 indicators; four additional indicators were also proposed. These six indicators were subsequently evaluated in Phase 1 Round 2, after which all indicators met the ≥80% understanding criterion. In Phase 2 Round 1, 270 indicators met the inclusion threshold (≥80% agreement), while 73 indicators received mixed ratings as to be included in netball performance analysis. These indicators were discussed and re-rated in Phase 2 Round 2, resulting in a final set of 280 indicators confirmed for analysing netball performance. CONCLUSION: This study provides a consensus-driven and ecologically valid set of netball performance indicators grounded in the perspectives of elite coaches, selection panellists and national players in Singapore. The agreed indicators offer a practical foundation for consistent match analysis and the examination of playing styles across a competitive season. [1] Whitehead 2021/ [2] Mackay 2023/ [3] Mclean 2019/ [4] Croft 2021/ [5] Fox 2024/ [6] Ofoghi 2021/ [7] Croft 2023
Read CV Amandeep Kaur ChahalECSS Paris 2023: CP-AP21
INTRODUCTION: 3×3 basketball is an official competition format governed by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA). Its most distinctive features include a dual-track game-ending mechanism where a game lasts 10 minutes or ends when a team reaches 21 points, and a 12-second shot clock, creating a fast-paced environment with frequent offensive-defensive transitions. Under these constraints, male and female players may exhibit different technical and tactical behaviors. This study analyzed ball possessions and performance indicators to assess gender differences and explore how game rules and temporal constraints shape on-court behaviors. METHODS: Data were collected from official box scores of 540 games across the 3x3 World Cups (2019, 2022, 2023, 2025) and Olympic Games (2021, 2024). The sample comprised 404 World Cup matches (204 men’s, 200 women’s) and 136 Olympic matches (68 men’s, 68 women’s). Game-ending rates, defined as the proportion of games concluding by score limit versus time limit, were calculated for each tournament, with independent samples t-tests used to compare these rates across genders. Performance indicators were standardized as rates based on team possessions. A 2 (ending type)× 2 (gender) ANOVA was utilized to analyze the number of possessions (POSS) and rates for field goal attempts (1PA, 2PA, FTA), field goals made (1PM, 2PM, FTM), rebounds (OREB, DREB), turnovers (TO), assists (AS), and drives (DRV). RESULTS: Independent samples t-tests revealed that men's teams concluded games by score limit (76.33%) significantly more frequently than by time limit (23.66%) across the six tournaments (p<.001). In contrast, no significant difference was observed for women’s teams. A two-way ANOVA indicated a significant interaction effect between ending type and gender on POSS (p < .0042). Post-hoc analysis showed that men exhibited significantly higher POSS than women specifically within score-ending games. Regarding overall gender differences, men’s teams recorded significantly higher 2PA%, 2PM%, and DRV%, but significantly lower 1PA% and TO% than women (ps <.0042). In terms of game-ending types, compared to time-ending games, score-ending games demonstrated significantly lower POSS, TO%, and DREB%, but higher 2PM%, 1PM%, FTM%, and AS% (ps<.0042). CONCLUSION: The 21-point format significantly favors men’s teams, characterized by a 76.33% scoring preference. Specifically, men outperform women in scoring efficiency, showing superior 2-point and DRV% metrics alongside a significantly lower TO%. Conversely, women’s teams lean toward a 1-point scoring strategy. Furthermore, score-ending games feature higher offensive precision and lower turnover/rebound rates than time-ending games. Game-Ending Types dictate the game's pace and efficiency, whereas Gender dictates the tactical approach and shot selection. These findings highlight distinct gender-based performance profiles and tactical differences shaped by the game-ending format.
Read CV Yu - Ching LanECSS Paris 2023: CP-AP21
INTRODUCTION: In basketball, the ball handler’s decision-making (DM) has a substantial influence on scoring and winning. Previous studies have suggested that defensive performance may serve as an indicator of the ball handler’s DM quality. However, within a single possession (PO), the ball handler takes more than one action, and the number of these actions seems to relate to game results. Therefore, this study examined team performance in 3×3 basketball by evaluating the ball handler’s cumulative DM performance within each PO. METHODS: 40 games from the FIBA women’s 3×3 U23 World Cup were analyzed. Simi Scout was used to record ball-handler actions, including dribbling, drives, passes, and shots. Defensive outcomes were quantified to evaluate ball-handler DM, with turnover as −1, effective defensive positioning as 0, defensive failure as 1, and opponent fouls as 0.5. Shot outcomes were also recorded. The total number of actions in a PO was used to measure PO length, and POs were further classified as short (1–2), medium (3–4), or long (5–10). The accumulated defensive scores were then divided by PO length to obtain the PO decision score. Inter- and intra-rater reliability of the recorded events were assessed using Cohen’s kappa. Shot rate, goal rate per shot, goal rate per PO, and PO decision score were analyzed using a 2 (win, loss) by 3 (short, medium, long) repeated-measures ANOVA in Jamovi. RESULTS: Cohen’s kappa ranged from .727 to .995. A significant main effect of outcome was observed across all dependent variables, with winners outperforming losers, ps<.001. For PO decision scores, shot rate, and goal rate per PO, PO length was also significant, ps<.01, with short POs showing the lowest performance. Medium POs outperformed long POs for PO decision scores, whereas the shot rate showed the opposite pattern, and the goal rate per PO showed no difference between the two. No interaction effect was observed. CONCLUSION: This study examined how the quality of ball-handler DM influences game performance in 3×3 basketball, using PO as the unit of analysis. The results showed that winning teams achieved significantly higher PO decision scores, shot rates, and goal rates than losing teams, indicating that ball-handler DM is closely related to game outcomes. Regarding PO length, POs of 3–4 actions yielded the highest decision scores and outperformed POs with both fewer and more actions. This finding suggests that effective ball-handler DM facilitates offensive success under a moderate-length-of-action organization. In contrast, poorer decisions tend to result in prematurely terminated short POs. POs with five or more actions had a higher shot rate than those with 3–4 actions, while achieving a comparable goal rate. This may indicate that DM during the final action before the end of a PO influences both shot attempts and scoring outcomes. Future work should examine the composition of ball-handler action sequences and their impact on game performance.
Read CV Chi-Yun ChenECSS Paris 2023: CP-AP21