ECSS Paris 2023: CP-AP03
INTRODUCTION: Neuromuscular performance variations have been reported at different times of day in different sports modalities. The morning reductions in performance can be observed in complex and continuous motor control tasks (e.g., tennis serve or swimming), but the changes in motor performance associated with circadian rhythm have been mostly described for long- and medium-term effects, mainly depending on endurance performance. However, how the circadian rhythm affects short-term events that rely on muscle strength and power output remained poorly studied. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of the time of day on muscular strength, power and endurance in resistance-trained individuals. METHODS: Thirteen resistance-trained males (age: 26.3±6.7 years; resistance training experience: 4.3±3.1 years; 1RM/kg bench press: 1.22±0.21; 1RM/kg back squat: 1.82±0.32) participated in a randomized cross-over and counterbalanced trial, performing in the morning (9:00h) and the evening (18:00h) a muscular strength and power assessment for bench press and back squat exercises at 25%, 50%, 75%, 90% and 100% of 1RM, performing 3, 2, 1, 1 and 1 repetitions, respectively. Muscular endurance was then assessed for both exercises at 65% 1RM, performing one set until task failure. RESULTS: In muscular strength and power, no statistically significant differences between groups (morning vs evening) or interaction (group by load) were found in the bench press or back squat exercise for mean, peak and time to reach peak velocity and power output (ANOVA, P>0.05). Only, in the back squat exercise, higher performance was found in the evening compared to the morning at 25%1RM in mean (13%, 1084+/-259 vs 956+/-163 W/kg, P=0.031, g=1.91) and peak power output (11%, 2417+/-450 vs 2183+/-262 W, P=0.018, g=2.2). Similarly, in muscular endurance, no statistically significant differences were found between morning and evening trials for the number of repetitions, mean, peak, time to reach peak velocity, and power output (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Some evidence suggests a performance reduction in complex motor control tasks involving muscular power (e.g., tennis or volleyball) in the morning compared to the evening. However, in this study, no differences in muscular strength, power, or endurance were found in the bench press or back squat exercises performed from 25% to 100% of 1RM. Therefore, if circadian rhythm affects short-term tasks, this effect may occur in action performed with light loads (<25%1RM).
Read CV Marta Del Val ManzanoECSS Paris 2023: CP-AP03
INTRODUCTION: This paper aimed to present the consensus reached between internationally recognized experts during a meeting on current definitions and guidelines for the implementation of flywheel resistance training technology in sports. METHODS: Nineteen experts from different countries took part in the consensus process. This paper discusses the available evidence and consensus process from which recommendations were made regarding the appropriate use of flywheel resistance training technology in sports. The process to gain consensus had five steps: 1) performing a systematic review of systematic reviews, 2) updating the most recent umbrella review published on this topic, 3) first round discussion among a sample of the research group included in this consensus statement, 4) selection of research group members – process of the consensus meeting and formulation of the recommendation, and 5) consensus process. The systematic analysis of the literature was performed to select the most updated review papers available on the topic which resulted in 9 articles; their methodological quality was assessed according to “Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Review 2” and “Grading Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation”. RESULTS: The recommendations were based on evidence summary and researchers’ expertise; the consensus statement included 3 statements and 7 recommendations for the use of flywheel resistance training technology. These statements and recommendations were anonymously voted on and qualitatively analyzed. The three statements reported a range score from 8.1 to 8.8., therefore, all statements included in this consensus were considered appropriate. The recommendations (from one to seven) had a score ranging from 7.7 to 8.6, therefore, all recommendations were considered appropriate. CONCLUSION: This consensus statement is the first of its type for flywheel resistance training technology in sports. The definitions and guidelines for the implementation of flywheel resistance training technology in sports were reached in this consensus statement between internationally recognized experts. Three statements and seven recommendations were voted on and qualitatively considered as appropriate. Practitioners and researchers who use flywheel resistance technology in sports settings should adopt the guidelines reported in this consensus statement. Nevertheless, more high-quality studies and systematic reviews are needed to further evaluate the validity of this technology in the field of resistance training in sports.
Read CV Marco BeatoECSS Paris 2023: CP-AP03
INTRODUCTION: Eccentric (ECC) training is gaining recognition in strength and conditioning for improving athletic performance and rehabilitation. Yet, the academic community lacks standard definitions and terminology for eccentric training methods (ETM), complicating the translation of research into practice. Establishing a consensus on ETM principles is essential to guide researchers and practitioners alike. METHODS: A two-round Delphi study was undertaking including 12 academics and strength and conditioning coaches with extensive background in ETM. For round one, participants were given statements regarding ETM and asked to agree, disagree or suggest amendments. Based on the feedback, the statements were revised. All 12 participants completed round one and 11 completed round two. The questions addressed were: (Q1) the definition of ECC training; (Q2) the definition and appropriateness of the term ECC overload; (Q3) the necessity for a new construct of ECC muscle action; and (Q4) the importance of creating a measure for time under tension. Consensus was defined as achieving 73% agreement on each question. RESULTS: Consensus was achieved for Q1, with 73% participants agreeing on the definition of ECC training. While 64% supported avoiding the term “ECC overload” (Q2), this did not constitute a consensus. For Q3, concerning the creation of a new ECC muscle lengthening construct, 73% of participants concurred, reaching a consensus; however, it was noted that further research is necessary integrating new terminology. 100% agreement was found for adopting the term “time in action”. CONCLUSION: ECC training is defines as methods that focus exclusively on the eccentric (ECC) phase or integrate it during multi-phase resistance or plyometric exercises. While a definitive consensus on ECC overload was not reached, it is advised that specific ETM be detailed in lieu of the term; authors opting to use "ECC overload" should provide a precise definition. Regarding muscle lengthening classifications, consensus was achieved for three distinct actions: passive, active, and forced ECC actions. However, further research with a broader participant base is recommended before adopting these terms. Additionally, "time in action" was unanimously approved to describe the overall duration of an exercise, distinguishing it from "time under tension," which refers to the periods a muscle can actively create or decelerate force.
Read CV Matthew HandfordECSS Paris 2023: CP-AP03